What best describes an electronic commerce transaction initiated by a cardholder?

An electronic commerce transaction initiated by a cardholder is best described as a transaction through a cardholder access device. This type of transaction typically involves the use of a payment card, such as a credit or debit card, to make purchases online or through mobile applications. In this context, the cardholder employs a device (like a smartphone, tablet, or computer) equipped to facilitate electronic transactions, thus completing the purchase of goods or services.

This definition aligns with how electronic commerce operates, wherein the cardholder provides their card information and authorization to complete the transaction electronically. The other options presented involve different types of transactions that do not fall under the category of e-commerce initiated by cardholders. For instance, a manual entry into a spreadsheet does not constitute a transaction, while a balance inquiry at an ATM pertains to bank account inquiries rather than purchases. Additionally, a physical purchase at a retail store, although related to commerce, does not involve the electronic processing inherent to e-commerce transactions.